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Grammar

Être and avoir: to be and to have

Être (to be) and avoir (to have) are the two most important French verbs. Careful: your age, hunger and fear go with avoir.

Years 5 and 6 of primary school11 to 13 yearsDraft: Not yet checked by a French teacher.

Why

At a camp in the Ardennes a boy from Namur asks you: Tu as quel âge ? What do you answer?

You say J'ai douze ans, not Je suis douze ans. In French you have your age. Who you are, where you are and what you have: for all of that you need être and avoir.

Almost every sentence about yourself starts with them: Je suis belge. J'ai un frère. J'ai les yeux bleus. J'ai faim. Later you also build the past (j'ai mangé, je suis allé) with these two verbs.

See it

Choose a person. On the left you see the form of être, on the right the form of avoir. At the bottom are the phrases where French says avoir and English says be.

Être: je suis. Avoir: j'ai. to be twelve is j'ai douze ans in French.
Description of the picture

Two columns side by side: on the left être with je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont; on the right avoir with j'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont. The chosen person lights up in both columns. At the bottom, cards: I am twelve becomes j'ai douze ans, I am hungry becomes j'ai faim, I am cold becomes j'ai froid, I am afraid becomes j'ai peur.

Get it

Être means to be. You use it for who or how someone is and where someone is: Je suis belge, Elle est fatiguée, Nous sommes à Liège.

Avoir means to have. You use it for what someone has: J'ai un chien, Ils ont un vélo.

Both are irregular: you learn the six forms by heart. Je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont and j'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont.

Before a vowel je gets shorter: j'ai, never je ai. With je suis that does not happen, because suis starts with a consonant.

The hardest part: sometimes English says be and French says avoir. Your age (j'ai douze ans), being afraid (j'ai peur) and being sleepy (j'ai sommeil). Hunger, thirst, being cold and being hot also go with avoir and a noun: j'ai faim, j'ai soif, j'ai froid, j'ai chaud.

The rule

Être: who, how or where someone is. Avoir: what someone has, age (j'ai douze ans) and feelings like avoir faim, avoir soif, avoir froid, avoir chaud, avoir peur, avoir sommeil, avoir raison.

Examples to listen to

  • Je suis en retard.

    How you are: être.

  • Nous sommes à Bruxelles.

    Where you are: être.

  • J'ai douze ans.

    Your age: avoir, and je becomes j'.

  • Tu as faim ?

    Being hungry: avoir faim.

  • Ma sœur a peur des chiens.

    Being afraid: in French avoir peur.

  • Vous êtes prêts ?

    Vous êtes, with a circumflex on the first e.

Worked example

Fill in: Mon frère ___ quinze ans et il ___ toujours en retard.

  1. Age goes with avoir. With mon frère (one person, like il) it is a.

  2. En retard says how someone is: that is être. With il it is est.

  3. Do not forget: after the number comes ans.

  4. Answer

    Mon frère a quinze ans et il est toujours en retard.

Do it

Choose a level. You get a new exercise each time, checked straight away.

Practise

Listen to the sentence. Which verb do you hear?

Listen to the sentence. Which verb do you hear?
Choose the right answer

Pitfalls

  • Wrong: Je suis douze ans.

    In English you are twelve, but in French you have twelve years. And do not forget ans.

    Right: J'ai douze ans.

  • Wrong: Je suis froid.

    I am cold is j'ai froid. Je suis froid rather means that you yourself are cold or distant.

    Right: J'ai froid.

  • Wrong: Je ai un chat.

    Je becomes j' before a vowel. You write it as one block, with an apostrophe.

    Right: J'ai un chat.

  • Wrong: Nous avons en retard.

    Being late says how someone is: that takes être, just as in English.

    Right: Nous sommes en retard.

In real life

  • At the doctor's in Liège: Tu as mal où ? And you answer: J'ai mal à la tête.
  • On a French birthday card: Tu as onze ans aujourd'hui. Bon anniversaire.
  • In a chat with a friend from Montreal: Je suis à la maison, j'ai froid, il neige.

At the table

Play J'ai ou je suis ? Someone says a sentence about themselves in English, like I am tired, I am hungry or I am eleven. The others say the French sentence as fast as they can. Whoever picks avoir or être correctly gets a point.

Something to do or talk about together, for parents and children. Mistakes are welcome.

Spotted a mistake?

A few words are enough. We will check and fix it.

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